The atmospheres of rocky exoplanets

Clouds are an integral part of planetary atmospheres, with most planets hosting clouds. The understanding not only the formation, but also composition clouds is crucial to future observations. As observations planet's surface will remain very difficult, it essential link observable high atmosphere gas and cloud conditions. We present a fast simple chemical equilibrium (eq.) model for troposphere rocky exoplanets, which in phase eq. crust. hydrostatic built from bottom top. In each atmospheric layer solved all thermally stable condensates removed, depleting above effected elements. These removed build upper limit formation can be separated into low temperature condensates. important 1000K>T>400K KCl, NaCl, FeS, FeS2, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. For T<400K H2O, C, NH3, NH4Cl, NH4SH stable. even lower temperatures T<150K CO2, CH4, H2S become inclusion trace abundances results thermal stability total 72 atmospheres different conditions (300K<T<1000K p=1bar,100bar). independent other, follow sequences condensation, robust against changes crust composition, pressure, temperature. Independent existence water as condensate H2O investigated elemental abundances. However, base depends on hydration level Therefore, detection alone does necessarily imply surface, if could allow condensation.